JENIS-JENIS TEKS DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS (ENGLISH TEXT TYPE IN GENERE BASED APPROACH)*
*Adopted From English Learning Center
NARRATIVE
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
RECOUNT
Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure
Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure
DESCRIPTIVE
Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
REPORT
Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense
Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense
EXPLANATION
Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition
Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition
HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done
Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done
PROCEDURE
Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms
Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms
DISCUSSION
Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner
Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner
REVIEW
Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
ANECDOTE
Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions
Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions
SPOOF
Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
NEWS ITEM
Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
Related Posts :
Ada 6 jenis text yang akan dijelaskan disini:
1.Recount
2.Procedure
3.Anecdote
4.Narrative
5.Report
6.Report
1. RECOUNT
Recount
Tujuan komunikatif: Melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan dengan
tujuan memberitakan atau menghibur. Struktur teks: * Pendahuluan
(orientasi), yaitu memberikan informasi tentang apa, siapa, di mana dan
kapan; * Laporan (rentetan) peristiwa, kegiatan yang terjadi, yang
biasanya disampaikan secara berurut
Contoh:
Class Picnic
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic
First
our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the buses. On the
buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park,
some students played cricket, some played cards but others went for a
walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our
picnic. Finally, at two o’clock we left for school.
We had a great day.
2.PROCEDURE
Procedure,
the communicative purpose is to tell the steps of making or doing
something. (Tujuan komunikatif nya: memberi petunjuk cara melakukan
sesuatu melalui serangkaian tindakan atau langkah.)
Generic Structure: Goal/Aim – Materials/Tools – Steps/Methods
Language Features of Procedure text:
Imperative form, ex: Cut, Pour, Don’t mix, dsb.
action verbs: turn, put, don’t, mix, dsb.
connectives (untuk mengurutkan kegiatan), ex: then, while, dsb.
adverbials (untuk menyatakan rinci waktu, tempat, cara yang akurat), ex: for five minutes, two centimetres from the top, dsb.
Contoh:
SESAME DROP BISCUITS
Ingredients/Materials:
2 cups flour
1 ½ teaspoons baking powder
½ reaspoon each baking soda and salt
Butter or margarine
2 tablespoons sesame seed
1 cup buttermilk
Night Before:
In a large bowl stir together flour, baking powder, soda and salt.
2 knives or pastry blender cut in ½ cup butter until particles are fine .
Stir in sesame seed.
Next Morning:
Add buttermilk to flour mixture and stir with a fork just until mixed.
Drop by tablespoons on greased cookies sheet.
Bake in preheated 450 degrees oven until light brown. 12 to 14 minutes.
Serve at once with butter.
3.ANECDOTE
Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it’s awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it’s awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Contoh Anecdote:
Blessing Behind Tragedy
There
was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with
nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and
saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America.
It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They
had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member
in a new liner to America.
The
entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new
life in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest
son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the
possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long
days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family
dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had
planned.
The
father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch
the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of
disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.
Five
days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the
mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with
it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was
unbelievable but it was.
The
Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten
son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he
hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for
saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy. (Adapted from
Look Ahead 2)
GenericStructureAnalysis:
Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?
Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?
Orientation: the Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They prepared well for their plan
Crisis:
few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a
dog. It made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
Incident:
the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry
with his son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the
father could not accept it.
Coda:
the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God
because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind
the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.
4.REPORT
Report
Tujuan Komunikatif: Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya,
sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan
dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau
gejala- gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa
simpulan umum misalnya tentang rumah sederhana dengan mendekripsikan
ciri-ciri subyek tersebut sehingga layak dikategorikan rumah sederhana,
dsb.
Contoh:
Fax Machine
Fax,
the short term for facsimile is a telecommunications technology used to
transfer copies (facsimiles) of documents, especially using affordable
devices operating over the telephone network. The word telefax, short
for telefacsimile, for “make a copy at a distance”, is also used as a
synonym. The device is also known as a telecopier in certain industries.
When sending documents to people at large distances, faxes have a
distinct advantage over postal mail in that the delivery is nearly
instantenous, yet its disadvantages in quality and its proprietary
format have relegated it to a position beneath email as the prevailing
form of electronic document tranferral.
5.NARRATIVE
Tujuan
Komunikatif Teks: Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca dengan pengalaman
nyata atau khayal. Ciri naratif adalah adanya unsur konflik (masalah)
dan resolusi (penyelesaian masalah). Jumlah masalah atau penyelesaiannya
mungkin hanya satu, mungkin juga lebih. Struktur Teks: * Pengenalan
latar: tokoh, waktu, dan tempat: * Pengembangan konflik; * Penyelesaian
konflik; * Koda: perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh atau pelajaran yang
dapat dipetik dari cerita.
Contoh 1:
It
was a warm day in March. I was very excited. The day had finally come. I
was in the rowing team for the Olympics. I got up very early and
exercised as always. Then after breakfast I drove to Drummoyne. My team
arrived and at last it was time to start.
Ready,
set and the starting gun went off. We began in the third position and
were slowly moving closer. There they were. We could see the second boat
and then we did it.
We moved past. My arms were aching. My whole body was sore but we all rowed harder.
The
first boat was just in front I saw a dark shadow near the boat. I
looked again. What was it? I was sure it was the shape of a cigar. ‘Oh
my God’, I thought, ‘I must be seeing things. A shark in Parramata
River? Impossible!’
Just
then I pulled my oar out of the water. ‘Oh no, why only half?’ I
thought. Then I knew. I shouted to my team, ‘Shark! Shark!’ and suddenly
we forgot the race. We rowed faster than ever back to shore. We made
it. Phew, we were safe!
Contoh 2:
Long
ago on the top of Mount Kinabalu in Borneo, there lived a dragon. He
owned a large and beautiful pearl. People believed that he controlled
the weather with it.
The emperor of China heard this and wanted the pearl. He sent his two
sons, Wee Ping and Wee San to Borneo to steal it. The princes, together
with one hundred soldiers, set sail for Borneo in twelve sailing junks.
When they arrived in Borneo, The set out immediately to find the famous
mountain. Their journey up the rugged slopes of Mount Kinabalu proved
very difficult. The dragon guarded his cave very fiercely and killed
many of their soldiers.
Then Wee San had a clever idea. He climbed a tall tree, so he could see
the dragon’s cave. He noted what time the dragon left his cave to hunt
for food and what time he returned to it.
Next he ordered his men to make a fake pearl and a large kite. He
waited until the dragon left his cave. Then he placed the fake pearl in a
bag, slung it across his shoulder and flew up to the mountain-top on
the kite. He exchanged the real pearl for the fake one and then his
brother pulled his kite back to the ground.
The brothers quickly returned to their ships and set sail for China.
They sailed safely home. The emperor was thrilled with the pearl and
gave a big party to celebrate his sons’ return.
6.DESCRIPTIVE
Tujuan
Komunikatif : Struktur Teks: ciri-ciri seseorang, suatu benda atau
tempat tertentu. * Pengenalan benda, orang atau sesuatu yang akan
dideskripsikan. * Deskripsi: menggambarkan ciri-ciri benda
tersebut,misalnya berasal dari mana, warnanya, ukurannya, kesukaannya
dsb. Deskripsi ini hanya memberikan informasi mengenai benda atau orang
tertentu yang sedang dibahas saja, misalnya deskripsi tentang ‘My Dog’.
Ciri-ciri ‘anjing saya’ tersebut dapat berbeda dengan anjing yang lain.
What is descdiptive text?
The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense
Contoh 1:
Borobudur Temple
Borobudur
is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under
Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in
Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
Analyzing the Text (Generic Structure Analysis):
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur temple
Description; describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces of Borobudur temple and its characteristics
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur temple
Description; describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces of Borobudur temple and its characteristics
Language Feature Analysis
Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
Using simple present tense; Borobudur is well-known,The temple is constructed, etc
Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
Using simple present tense; Borobudur is well-known,The temple is constructed, etc
Contoh 2:
The
Ambarawa Train Museum houses 21 antique locomotives plus two more,
which are stored in the depot. These locomotives are no longer produced;
even the factories that made them no longer exist. The main building of
this museum is the defunct Ambarawa railway station which was built in
1873. the station covers 127,500 m2.
The
oldest in this museum is a locomotive made by Hartman Chemnitz. This
locomotive, with a length of 8.58 m and a width of 2.45 m, began its
operation in 1891. Using wood as fuel, the steam locomotive could run 50
km/h – its maximum speed.
A
special part of a visit to this museum is a trip by train from the
Ambarawa Train Museum to the defunct Bedono train station. This package
tour is called Railway Mountain Tour. Why is the trip so special?
Because the participants will board an antique train and the train will
travel on a 4.9 kilometer-cog railway, which is the only one in the
world.
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